Why the year begins on 1 January, how Hogmanay and first-footing work, what the Manx Qualtagh is, and how Auld Lang Syne became a New Year song: fact-checked against Encyclopaedia Britannica, Scotland's People, the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 and Culture Vannin.
A New Year festival, in Britannica's wording, is any of the social, cultural, and religious observances worldwide that celebrate the beginning of the new year. Britannica Such festivals are among the oldest and the most universally observed. Britannica
On the Roman republican calendar the year began on March 1, but after 153 BCE the official date was January 1, which was continued in the Julian calendar of 46 BCE. Britannica The Gregorian calendar, adopted in 1582 by the Roman Catholic Church, restored January 1 as New Year's Day. Britannica
Hogmanay is the New Year's festival in Scotland and parts of northern England. Britannica The singing of "Auld Lang Syne" on New Year's, now a worldwide custom, originated during Hogmanay. Britannica
Two good sources disagree about the year Scotland made 1 January official, and about how far Robert Burns wrote or revised Auld Lang Syne. Those notes are on the pages, not hidden in a footnote.
Janus, the two-faced spirit of doorways, and the namesake of January.Drawing: our own, simplified and not to scale
Fact-checked PDFs in A4 and US Letter, sold as instant downloads from the ReallyByte store: our own drawings, a guide, and worksheets with answers. Prices in US dollars.
The New Year Reference Guide
A fact-checked guide to why the year begins on 1 January, Hogmanay, first-footing, the Qualtagh and Auld Lang Syne, with our own drawings and a careful look at where good sources disagree.